To protect press freedom and the right to record at future protests, the Knight First Amendment Institute makes the following recommendations:
To law enforcement agencies:
- Require all officers present at the site of a protest to protect press freedom, according to the following guidelines:
- During a protest, if no dispersal order has been issued or curfew order has come into effect: Police should not interfere with anyone photographing or recording protest scenes or police activity in unrestricted public areas, or anyone engaged in newsgathering activity like interviewing others present at the scene, as long as that person is not engaged in unlawful activity or interfering with police activity. The police should not use force, including less-lethal weapons, against anyone engaged in photographing or recording, nor should they be arrested unless they have broken the law.
- At a protest scene after a valid dispersal order has been issued or a curfew order has come into effect: Police should exempt journalists from dispersal or curfew orders. In this specific context, when the general public is no longer permitted to remain at the site of a protest, police can use indicators like a press credential, distinctive clothing marked “press,” or professional recording equipment, to guide their determinations about who is exempt from the order. When in doubt, police should assume that someone who appears to be engaged in journalism is in fact a journalist.
- Provide ongoing training to all active officers on the rights of journalists and protesters, including on:
- The public’s right to record police activity;
- Ensuring media access to protest scenes;
- Using observable indicators, like what a person is wearing or doing, when determining who qualifies as a journalist at a protest;
- Limiting or abolishing the practice of kettling, or mass indiscriminate arrests of protesters;
- Use of force guidelines for public demonstrations, with an emphasis on minimizing the use of force (including less-lethal weapons) at protests;
- Procedures for documenting the confiscation of property during a lawful arrest: Journalists’ reporting equipment should not be seized except in the case of a lawful arrest. A record should be made of any seized property and a copy provided to the individual. Equipment should be returned to the individual upon release from custody, or, if the equipment is needed as evidence, a warrant must be obtained.
- Familiarize officers with media outlets that frequently cover protests in their patrol area (with the understanding that the list is not comprehensive and subject to change).
- Organize periodic meetings with local newsrooms and media organizations to discuss the respective roles and responsibilities of police and press before protests happen.
- Conduct internal investigations of misconduct incidents involving press at protests.
- Disclose disciplinary action taken against officers involved in misconduct incidents (or provide case status updates).
To state legislatures:
- Codify into law the requirement that police must actively work to ensure that journalists may operate unhindered at protest scenes.
- Codify into law the exemption of journalists from curfew orders or dispersal orders given at protests.
To news industry organizations and professional associations:
- Operate an inclusive credentialing process by providing press passes to anyone engaged in newsgathering who wishes to obtain them, including outreach to freelancers and nontraditional journalists.
- Offer training on how to cover protests.
- Offer police training on how to uphold press freedom and the right to record at protests.
- Meet with law enforcement agencies with whom members are likely to interact, establishing dialogue between press and police.
- Partner with legal observers to provide more oversight of police conduct at protests.
- Assist individual journalists who file civil lawsuits against police in defending their First Amendment rights.
To leaders of publications/newsrooms:
- Organize periodic meetings with local law enforcement agencies to discuss the respective roles and responsibilities of press and police at protests.
- Facilitate procurement of press passes for journalists, including freelancers, who wish to obtain them by either issuing your own or liaising with news industry organizations.
To journalists covering protests:
- Review guidelines from press advocacy groups on your rights and how to protect yourself while covering protests.
To the Department of Justice:
- Complete the existing pattern-or-practice investigations of mistreatment of journalists at protests, and publish the findings.
- Where credible allegations are made of mistreatment of journalists at protests, open new pattern-or-practice investigations.
What is the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker?
The U.S. Press Freedom Tracker was created in 2017 amid recognition of the need to keep tabs on attacks on press freedom in the U.S. Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press and the Knight First Amendment Institute.
With the election of Trump, there was a lot of speculation and fear that press freedom was in decline. But there was not a lot of data. The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ, where I was then executive director) and Freedom of the Press Foundation set up the tracker with support from other leading press freedom organizations, includingWhen the tracker was established, no one knew what the data would reveal. But it soon became clear that covering protests was one of the greatest challenges for journalists in the United States—one that had not been fully recognized. In 2018 and 2019, the tracker documented 63 attacks on journalists covering demonstrations. Less than half of those attacks were carried out by members of law enforcement.
But since 2020, the tracker has documented 734 such assaults. In 78 percent of those cases, the police are believed to be responsible.Staffed by journalists, the tracker applies stringent standards, rigorous sourcing, and a scrupulous commitment to the facts in documenting incidents ranging from denials of access and equipment searches or seizures to assaults and arrests.
Tracker researchers always seek comments from all sides involved in a press freedom incident before publishing each case to the database. “The database is the beating heart of the Press Freedom Tracker,” said Managing Editor Kirstin McCudden, adding that the staff routinely use the data to spot trends and produce analysis.One of the initial challenges in creating the tracker was funding. Ironically, an attack on The Guardian reporter Ben Jacobs helped seed the new venture.
In May 2017, Jacobs was on the campaign trail in Montana covering the congressional race. When Jacobs asked Republican candidate Greg Gianforte a question about health care, Gianforte, who was angry about a previous story published in The Guardian, grabbed Jacobs by the neck and body-slammed him to the ground, breaking his glasses. Gianforte was later charged with misdemeanor assault.A month later, I was in Myanmar as part of a press freedom delegation when I received news that Gianforte was donating $50,000 to CPJ. This was confusing since Gianforte had never demonstrated any interest in press freedom—and to the contrary had assaulted a reporter. It was only later I learned that Gianforte had made the donation as part of a settlement with Jacobs, which also included a public apology.
I decided to direct the funds to the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker.Since then, the tracker has helped transform the press freedom landscape in the U.S. with its data seeding litigation and prompting legislative responses. Meanwhile, Gianforte is now governor of Montana. During his short tenure in Congress, he introduced only two bills that became law–one renaming a post office and the other changing the designation of a wild river.
The creation of the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, though unwitting, may turn out to be Gianforte’s most enduring legacy.– Joel Simon
Interview with Carolyn Cole, Staff Photographer, L.A. Times (Nov. 8, 2022); Carolyn Cole: Staff Photographer, L.A. Times, https://www.latimes.com/people/carolyn-cole [https://perma.cc/AW9J-2QKB] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).
Interview with Carolyn Cole, Staff Photographer, L.A. Times (Nov. 8, 2022).
Id.; Wendy Lee, L.A. Times Journalists Sue Minnesota State Troopers Over Attack, L.A. Times (May 27, 2021, 10:52 AM), https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2021-05-27/los-angeles-times-journalists-sue-minnesota-state-patrol-floyd-protests [https://perma.cc/D7TC-6H42]; Complaint and Demand for Jury Trial, Cole v. Does, No. 0:21-cv-01282 (PJS/JFD) (D. Minn. May 25, 2021).
Larry Buchanan et al., Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History, N.Y. Times (July 3, 2020), https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html [https://perma.cc/SYA6-XVNE].
Kelsey Vlamis, More Than 100 Journalists Were Arrested or Detained While on the Job in the US This Year — A More Than 1,200% Increase from the Year Before, New Report Says. Insider (Dec. 17, 2020, 1:04 AM), https://www.insider.com/117-journalists-arrested-or-detained-on-the-job-in-us-2020-12 [https://perma.cc/T38Y-X6Q8]; Wendy Lee, L.A. Times Journalists Sue Minnesota State Troopers Over Attack., L.A. Times (May 27, 2021, 10:52 AM), https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2021-05-27/los-angeles-times-journalists-sue-minnesota-state-patrol-floyd-protests [https://perma.cc/HF6J-DJQ3].
Sarah Matthews et al., Press Freedoms in the United States 2020: A Review of the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker (2021), https://www.rcfp.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Press-Freedom-Tracker-2020_FINAL.pdf [https://perma.cc/H9VC-B4BR].
Id.
Tom Jones, Attacks on Media Covering the Protests are Simply Following the President’s Rhetoric, Poynter (June 1, 2020), https://www.poynter.org/newsletters/2020/attacks-on-media-covering-the-protests-are-simply-following-the-presidents-rhetoric/ [https://perma.cc/D9L3-3PLC].
Sarah Matthews et al., Press Freedoms in the United States 2020: A Review of the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker (2021), https://www.rcfp.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Press-Freedom-Tracker-2020_FINAL.pdf [https://perma.cc/H9VC-B4BR].
Carmela Caruso, US Journalists Covering Protests at Risk of Arrest, VOA News (Dec. 14, 2021, 4:15 PM), https://www.voanews.com/a/us-journalists-covering-protests-at-risk-of-arrest-/6354930.html [https://perma.cc/DC36-TBUC].
Id.
See infra Chapter 5.
Sarah Matthews et al., Press Freedoms in the United States 2020: A Review of the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker (2021), https://www.rcfp.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Press-Freedom-Tracker-2020_FINAL.pdf [https://perma.cc/H9VC-B4BR].
Interview with Carolyn Cole, Staff Photographer, L.A. Times (Nov. 8, 2022); Wil Sands, The Shot-in-the-Eye Squad, Pulitzer Ctr. (May 21, 2021), https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/shot-eye-squad [https://perma.cc/D74G-JGQT].
Giulia McDonnell Nieto del Rio, Darnella Frazier, the Teenager Who Recorded George Floyd’s Murder, Speaks Out, N.Y. Times (July 7, 2021), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/us/darnella-frazier.html [https://perma.cc/J7F5-Y4BG].
The 2021 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Special Citations and Awards, The Pulitzer Prizes, https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/darnella-frazier [https://perma.cc/PC95-6XJ5] (last visited May 26, 2023).
Wendy Lee, L.A. Times Journalists Sue Minnesota State Troopers Over Attack, L.A. Times (May 27, 2021, 10:52 AM), https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2021-05-27/los-angeles-times-journalists-sue-minnesota-state-patrol-floyd-protests [https://perma.cc/D7TC-6H42]; Complaint and Demand for Jury Trial, Cole v. Does, No. 0:21-cv-01282 (PJS/JFD) (D. Minn. May 25, 2021).
Jason Hanna & Amir Vera, CNN Crew Released from Police Custody After They Were Arrested Live on Air in Minneapolis, CNN (May 29, 2020, 8:19 PM), https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/29/us/minneapolis-cnn-crew-arrested/index.html. [https://perma.cc/5K4K-6UKA].
Megan Brenan, Americans’ Trust in Media Remains Near Record Low, Gallup (Oct. 18, 2022), https://news.gallup.com/poll/403166/americans-trust-media-remains-near-record-low.aspx [https://perma.cc/JWG5-6BEL]; Jeffrey Gottfried, et al., Trusting the News Media in the Trump Era, Pew Research Center (Dec. 12, 2019), https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2019/12/12/trusting-the-news-media-in-the-trump-era/ [https://perma.cc/64RG-37X8].
See, e.g., Press Credentials Office, NYC Press Credentials, https://www.nyc.gov/site/mome/press-card/press-card.page [https://perma.cc/AV4N-C2NX] (last visited May 23, 2023; Student Press Law Center, Know Your Rights When Covering a Protest (Nov. 19, 2021), https://splc.org/2021/11/splc-tip-sheet-covering-protests [https://perma.cc/QG8G-CBE9]; Frank Smyth, Civil Matters and Disturbances, in Journalist Security 35 (2012), https://cpj.org/reports/2012/04/civil-matters-and-disturbances/ [https://perma.cc/5QD7-624Z].
Martin Baron, Opinion, We Want Objective Judges and Doctors. Why Not Journalists Too?, Wash. Post (Mar. 24, 2023, 11:47 AM), https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/03/24/journalism-objectivity-trump-misinformation-marty-baron/ [https://perma.cc/G5BE-G7QY].
Id.; John Bonazzo, From Parkland to #MeToo, 2018 Is the Year Journalism Met Activism, Observer (Apr. 30, 2018, 1:04 PM), https://observer.com/2018/04/journalism-activism-parkland-metoo/ [https://perma.cc/6W4H-N7ZR].
Al Tompkins, 23 Guidelines for Journalists to Safely Cover Protests, Poynter (June 1, 2020), https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2020/23-guidelines-for-journalists-to-safely-cover-protests-this-weekend/ [https://perma.cc/6PDP-CTQV].
Gregory Krieg, Police Injured, More Than 200 Arrested at Trump Inauguration Protests in DC., CNN (Jan. 21, 2017, 4:06 AM), https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/19/politics/trump-inauguration-protests-womens-march [https://perma.cc/HCJ6-TZSC].
Jaclyn Peiser, Journalist Swept Up in Inauguration Day Arrests Faces Trial, N.Y. Times (Nov. 14, 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/14/business/media/alexei-wood-journalist-trial-inauguration.html [https://perma.cc/4KJW-AMQQ].
Id.; Jonah Engel Bromwich, Felony Charges for Journalists Arrested at Inauguration Protests Raise Fears for Press Freedom, N.Y. Times (Jan. 25, 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/business/media/journalists-arrested-trump-inauguration.html [https://perma.cc/3LCU-AQSU].
Andrew Katz, Trump’s First Day, Time (Jan. 20, 2017), https://time.com/president-donald-trump-inauguration-day-photos/ [https://perma.cc/2U7U-AW98].
Anti-Trump Protests Break Out Across D.C., PBS (Jan. 20, 2017, 7:23 PM), https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/anti-trump-protests-break-across-d-c [https://perma.cc/2U7U-AW98].
Reuters, Protesters Intend to Disrupt Trump Inauguration, Newsweek (Jan. 12, 2017, 6:09 PM), https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-donald-trump-protests-trump-inauguration-trump-transition-542097 [https://perma.cc/84LF-KQWU].
Jonah Engel Bromwich, Felony Charges for Journalists Arrested at Inauguration Protests Raise Fears for Press Freedom, N.Y. Times (Jan. 25, 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/business/media/journalists-arrested-trump-inauguration.html [https://perma.cc/3LCU-AQSU].
Tara Bahrampour et al., Protesters Smash Windows, Police Use Chemical Spray to Deal with Crowds Near Franklin Square, Wash. Post (Jan. 20, 2017, 10:52 AM), https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/2017/live-updates/politics/live-coverage-of-trumps-inauguration/protesters-smash-windows-police-use-chemical-spray-to-deal-with-crowds-near-franklin-squareay-used-at-franklin-square/ [https://perma.cc/2VB3-8G5A].
Trump Inauguration Protest Damages Parts of Downtown Washington, CBS News (Jan. 21, 2017, 1:53 AM), https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-inauguration-protest-damages-downtown-washington/ [https://perma.cc/BB8E-6S3C].
Id.; Tara Bahrampour et al., Protesters Smash Windows, Police Use Chemical Spray to Deal with Crowds Near Franklin Square, Wash. Post (Jan. 20, 2017, 10:52 AM), https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/2017/live-updates/politics/live-coverage-of-trumps-inauguration/protesters-smash-windows-police-use-chemical-spray-to-deal-with-crowds-near-franklin-squareay-used-at-franklin-square/ [https://perma.cc/2VB3-8G5A]; Jonathan Landay & Scott Malone, Violence Flares in Washington During Trump Inauguration, Reuters (Jan. 20, 2017, 1:29 PM), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-inauguration-protests/violence-flares-in-washington-during-trump-inauguration-idUSKBN1540J7 [https://perma.cc/3JF5-TZQH].
Dan Mangan, Violent Protests in DC Streets After Donald Trump Inauguration; Hundreds Arrested, CNBC (Jan. 21, 2017, 1:23 PM), https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/20/mac-attack-trump-protesters-smash-window-at-mcdonalds-bank-of-america-other-businesses-ahead-of-presidential-swearing-in-dc.html [https://perma.cc/2BDB-JSMH].
Id.
Dana Hedgpeth, Surveillance Video Shows Two People Believed To Be Involved in Torching Limo on Inauguration Day, Wash. Post (Feb. 7, 2017), https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/surveillance-video-shows-two-suspects-believed-to-be-involved-in-torching-limo-on-inauguration-day/2017/02/07/a9168e92-ed4e-11e6-9662-6eedf1627882_story.html [https://perma.cc/3H36-VY4U].
Tara Bahrampour et al., Protesters Smash Windows, Police Use Chemical Spray to Deal with Crowds Near Franklin Square, Wash. Post (Jan. 20, 2017, 10:52 AM), https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/2017/live-updates/politics/live-coverage-of-trumps-inauguration/protesters-smash-windows-police-use-chemical-spray-to-deal-with-crowds-near-franklin-squareay-used-at-franklin-square/ [https://perma.cc/2VB3-8G5A].
First Amended Complaint for Damages at 9-10, Horse v. District of Columbia, No. 17-cv-01216-ABJ (D.D.C. Jan. 3, 2018) (No. 29), https://www.acludc.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/horse_v_dc_redacted_amended_complaint_1-3-2018_0.pdf [https://perma.cc/L3FP-7BFW]; Ryan J. Reilly, Inside the Trial That Could Determine the Future of Free Speech in America’s Capital, HuffPost (Dec. 10, 2017, 6:00 PM), https://www.huffpost.com/entry/protesting-dc-trump-inauguration-trial_n_5a1e1e84e4b0d724fed48d32 [https://perma.cc/8TVP-9X83].
Tara Bahrampour et al., Protesters Smash Windows, Police Use Chemical Spray to Deal with Crowds Near Franklin Square, Wash. Post (Jan. 20, 2017, 10:52 AM), https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/2017/live-updates/politics/live-coverage-of-trumps-inauguration/protesters-smash-windows-police-use-chemical-spray-to-deal-with-crowds-near-franklin-squareay-used-at-franklin-square/ [https://perma.cc/2VB3-8G5A].
First Amended Complaint for Damages at 15, Horse v. District of Columbia, No. 17-cv-01216-ABJ (D.D.C. Jan. 3, 2018) (No. 29), https://www.acludc.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/horse_v_dc_redacted_amended_complaint_1-3-2018_0.pdf [https://perma.cc/L3FP-7BFW].
Id. at 14; Jaclyn Peiser, Journalist Swept Up in Inauguration Day Arrests Faces Trial, N.Y. Times (Nov. 14, 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/14/business/media/alexei-wood-journalist-trial-inauguration.html [https://perma.cc/4KJW-AMQQ].
Complaint for Damages at 5, Cantú v. District of Columbia, No. 20-cv-00130-ABJ (D.D.C. Jan. 16, 2020) (No. 1), https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16715665/1/cantu-v-district-of-columbia/ [https://perma.cc/W3TE-G9DW]; Aaron Miguel Cantú, New Inquiry, https://thenewinquiry.com/author/aaron-miguel-cantu/ [https://perma.cc/W3TE-G9DW] (last visited Mar. 26, 2023).
Aaron M. Cantú’s Motion to Dismiss the Indictment at 4-5, District of Columbia v. Cantú, No. 2017 CF2 001304 (D.C. Super. Ct. Jan. 19, 2018), https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/4356287/1-19-18-Aaron-Cantu-Motion-to-Dismiss.pdf [https://perma.cc/RGZ5-YJN8].
Id. at 3; About, New Inquiry, https://thenewinquiry.com/about/ [https://perma.cc/X9FE-QWNB] (last visited Mar. 26, 2023); What Is the New Inquiry?, New Inquiry (Apr. 22, 2017), https://thenewinquiry.com/what_is_the_new_inquiry/ [https://perma.cc/AWU7-WFXE]; Caroline O’Donovan, The New Inquiry: Not Another New York Literary Magazine, Nieman Lab (Sept. 18, 2014, 10:00 AM), https://www.niemanlab.org/2014/09/the-new-inquiry-not-another-new-york-literary-magazine/ [https://perma.cc/P42Z-FCRB].
Aaron M. Cantú’s Motion to Dismiss the Indictment at 5, District of Columbia v. Cantú, No. 2017 CF2 001304 (D.C. Super. Ct. Jan. 19, 2018), https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/4356287/1-19-18-Aaron-Cantu-Motion-to-Dismiss.pdf [https://perma.cc/RGZ5-YJN8].
E-mail from Aaron Cantú, Author, Cap. & Main, to Katerina Kaganovich, Intern, Knight First Amendment Institute (Dec. 7, 2022) (on file with author).
Interview with Aaron Miguel Cantú, Investigative Rep., Capital & Main, The Guardian & The Intercept (July 22, 2022).
Eli Watkins, Journalist’s Felony Indictment Draws Scrutiny to Inauguration Day Arrests, CNN, (June 9, 2017, 3:15 PM), https://www.cnn.com/2017/06/08/politics/disruptj20-inauguration-day-arrests/index.html [https://perma.cc/A3QV-PFPM]; Aaron M. Cantú’s Motion to Dismiss the Indictment at 3-5, District of Columbia v. Cantú, No. 2017 CF2 001304 (D.C. Super. Ct. Jan. 19, 2018), https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/4356287/1-19-18-Aaron-Cantu-Motion-to-Dismiss.pdf [https://perma.cc/RGZ5-YJN8].
Complaint for Damages at 5, 10, Cantú v. District of Columbia, No. 1:20-cv-00130-ABJ (D.D.C. Jan. 16, 2020).
Id. at 10.
Interview with Aaron Miguel Cantú, Investigative Rep., Capital & Main, The Guardian & The Intercept (July 22, 2022).
Complaint for Damages at 9, Cantú v. District of Columbia, No. 1:20-cv-00130-ABJ (D.D.C. Jan. 16, 2020); E-mail from Aaron Cantú, Author, Cap. & Main, to Katerina Kaganovich, Intern, Knight First Amendment Institute (Dec. 7, 2022) (on file with author).
Interview with Aaron Miguel Cantú, Investigative Rep., Capital & Main, The Guardian & The Intercept (July 22, 2022).
E-mail from Aaron Cantú, Author, Cap. & Main, to Katerina Kaganovich, Intern, Knight First Amendment Institute (Dec. 7, 2022) (on file with author); Aaron Miguel Cantú, Enemy of the People, The Baffler (Aug. 2, 2018), https://thebaffler.com/latest/enemy-of-people-cantu [https://perma.cc/42EX-QVGK].
Jaclyn Peiser, Journalist Swept Up in Inauguration Day Arrests Faces Trial, N.Y. Times (Nov. 14, 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/14/business/media/alexei-wood-journalist-trial-inauguration.html [https://perma.cc/4KJW-AMQQ]; Lex Shoots, Anti Fascist Black Bloc DC, Facebook (Jan. 20, 2017), https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=607761272768228 [https://perma.cc/EHA2-7SZD].
Interview with Alexei Wood, photojournalist (Aug. 4, 2022); Lex Shoots, Anti Fascist Black Bloc DC, Facebook (Jan. 20, 2017), https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=607761272768228 [https://perma.cc/EHA2-7SZD].
Lex Shoots, Anti Fascist Black Bloc DC, Facebook (Jan. 20, 2017), https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=607761272768228 [https://perma.cc/EHA2-7SZD].
Id.
Id.; Interview with Alexei Wood, photojournalist (Aug. 4, 2022).
Jaclyn Peiser, Journalist Swept Up in Inauguration Day Arrests Faces Trial, N.Y. Times (Nov. 14, 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/14/business/media/alexei-wood-journalist-trial-inauguration.html [https://perma.cc/4KJW-AMQQ]; Alex Rubinstein, I Was Falsely Arrested Reporting on J20. The Prosecution of Its Protesters Proves America is Ripe for Fascism, Medium (Dec. 4, 2017), https://medium.com/@RealAlexRubi/i-was-falsely-arrested-reporting-on-j20-df4671b2b09e [https://perma.cc/R99V-M9C4].
Interview with Alexei Wood, photojournalist (Aug. 4, 2022).
Id.
Journalist Alexei Wood Arrested at Inauguration Protest, Police Return Equipment Seized for Reporter Arrested While Covering Inauguration Protests, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker (Jan. 16, 2020), https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/journalist-alexei-wood-arrested-inauguration-protest/#update-314 [https://perma.cc/M73M-NCMZ]; Jaclyn Peiser, Journalist Charged with Rioting at Inauguration Day Protest Goes Free, N.Y. Times (Dec. 21, 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/21/business/media/journalist-inauguration-day-protest-not-guilty-rioting.html [https://perma.cc/PD7X-7VZ7].
Neal Augenstein, 234 Arrests, 0 Jury Convictions: DC Police Chief Calls for New Law After Inauguration Riots, WTOP News (July 16, 2018), https://wtop.com/inauguration/2018/07/234-arrests-0-jury-convictions-d-c-police-chief-calls-for-new-law-after-inauguration-riots/ [https://perma.cc/9Z2C-SAC6].
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Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief, Daily News v. Giuliani (S.D.N.Y. 1999).
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Charlotte Lawrence & Cyrus J. O’Brien, Federal Militarization of Law Enforcement Must End, ACLU (May 21, 2021), https://www.aclu.org/news/criminal-law-reform/federal-militarization-of-law-enforcement-must-end [https://perma.cc/BS7P-SUC7]; Am. C.L. Union, War Comes Home: The Excessive Militarization of American Policing (2014), https://www.aclu.org/report/war-comes-home-excessive-militarization-american-police [https://perma.cc/8PAV-LTTT].
See, e.g., Pen Am. Ctr., Press Freedom Under Fire in Ferguson (2014), https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/PEN_Press-Freedom-Under-Fire-In-Ferguson.pdf [https://perma.cc/W2VE-Q3YZ]. This 2014 report was written by Katy Glenn Bass, who is now the Knight First Amendment Institute’s research director.
Id.
Pen Am. Ctr., Press Freedom Under Fire in Ferguson 9 (2014), https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/PEN_Press-Freedom-Under-Fire-In-Ferguson.pdf [https://perma.cc/W2VE-Q3YZ].
Id. at 13; Joshua Rhett Miller, Police Intentionally Targeted Media in Ferguson, Al Jazeera Cameraman Says, Fox News (Nov. 20, 2015, 7:26 PM), https://www.foxnews.com/us/police-intentionally-targeted-media-in-ferguson-al-jazeera-cameraman-says [https://perma.cc/3MX2-U5T4].
Pen Am. Ctr., Press Freedom Under Fire in Ferguson 30-31 (2014), https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/PEN_Press-Freedom-Under-Fire-In-Ferguson.pdf [https://perma.cc/W2VE-Q3YZ].
Id. at 9, 13-16.
Id. at 14-15.
Id. at 10.
Id. at 2, 17.
Id. at 3.
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[Note alarming rise in people losing their eyes at protests]
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Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022); Declaration of Ou, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW-DTS) (D. Minn. May 5, 2021), https://ia803207.us.archive.org/0/items/gov.uscourts.mnd.188019/gov.uscourts.mnd.188019.123.0.pdf [https://perma.cc/5XUQ-Q5B3].
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Kirstin McCudden, Between the Bookends: 1 Year of Press Freedom Violations, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker (May 24, 2021), https://pressfreedomtracker.us/blog/between-the-bookends-1-year-of-press-freedom-violations/ [https://perma.cc/XVM7-4FTH].
E-mail from Stephanie Sugars, Senior Reporter, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, to Soham Mehta, Intern, Knight First Amendment Institute (Jan. 12, 2023) (on file with author).
E-mail from Stephanie Sugars, Senior Reporter, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, to Joel Simon, Senior Research Fellow, Knight First Amendment Institute (Feb. 17, 2023) (on file with author).
Interview with Leita Walker, Partner, Ballard Spahr, & Isabella Salomão Nascimento, Associate, Ballard Spahr (July 28, 2022); Leita Walker, Ballard Spahr, https://www.ballardspahr.com/people/attorneys/w/walker-leita [https://perma.cc/U7GJ-8DJJ] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).
Interview with Leita Walker, Partner, Ballard Spahr, & Isabella Salomão Nascimento, Associate, Ballard Spahr (July 28, 2022); Veronica Stracqualursi, Minnesota Governor Calls for Calm Following Unrest, Says He Expects ‘Swift’ Justice for Officers, CNN Pol. (May 29, 2020, 2:25 PM), https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/29/politics/minnesota-governor-tim-walz-cnn-arrest/index.html [https://perma.cc/J3GQ-QJ4N]; Minn. Gov. Tim Walz Apologizes to CNN: ‘I Take Full Responsibility,’ It’s Inexcusable, Grabien, https://grabien.com/story.php?id=290887 [https://perma.cc/772T-QACX] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).
Interview with Leita Walker, Partner, Ballard Spahr, & Isabella Salomão Nascimento, Associate, Ballard Spahr (July 28, 2022); About the Firm, Ballard Spahr, https://www.ballardspahr.com/About/About-the-Firm [https://perma.cc/HE75-3UJQ] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023); Leita Walker, Ballard Spahr, https://www.ballardspahr.com/people/attorneys/w/walker-leita [https://perma.cc/U7GJ-8DJJ] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).
Interview with Leita Walker, Partner, Ballard Spahr, & Isabella Salomão Nascimento, Associate, Ballard Spahr (July 28, 2022).
Id.; Mohamed Ibrahim & Mike Householder, Cop, Police Chief Resign 2 Days After Black Motorist’s Death, AP News (May 3, 2021), https://apnews.com/article/daunte-wright-protests-minnesota-police-shooting-taser-73b1af26c9ed5d437988d8d1c72bb311 [https://perma.cc/9L7W-J99K].
Jared Goyette & Andrea Salcedo, Police Fatally Shoot Man, 20, in Suburban Minneapolis, Sparking Protests, Wash. Post (Apr. 12, 2021, 3:52 AM), https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/04/11/daunte-wright-brooklyn-center-minnesota/ [https://perma.cc/X6GX-CD5R].
Vanessa Romo et al., Kim Potter Is Found Guilty of Manslaughter in the Death of Daunte Wright, NPR (Dec. 23, 2021, 3:58 PM), https://www.npr.org/2021/12/23/1066012247/kim-potter-trial-daunte-wright [https://perma.cc/WRG6-XXGP] (Potter was released in April 2023 after serving 16 months of the sentence); Associated Press, Minnesota Officer Who Killed Daunte Wright in 2021 Released from Prison, NPR (Apr. 24, 2023, 10:27 AM), https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/minnesota-officer-who-killed-daunte-wright-in-2021-released-from-prison [https://perma.cc/ULE5-8KUM].
Madeline Holcombe, The Police Shooting of Daunte Wright Has Sparked Nights of Protests and Days of Fast-Moving Case Developments, CNN (Apr. 16, 2021, 1:13 PM), https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/16/us/daunte-wright-minnesota-shooting-friday/index.html [https://perma.cc/B3X8-WNQT].
Lydia Morrell, Frey Issues Second Nightly Curfew in Minneapolis After Daunte Wright Killing, Minn. Daily (Apr. 13, 2021), https://mndaily.com/267132/news/frey-issues-second-nightly-curfew-in-minneapolis-after-daunte-wright-killing/ [https://perma.cc/3LQ6-JA7C].
Letter from Leita Walker, Partner, Ballard Spahr, to Tim Walz, Governor of Minn. (Apr. 17, 2021), https://cpj.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Letter-to-Minnesota-governor.pdf [https://perma.cc/6U3F-CXD5].
Id.
See, e.g., United States: CFWIJ Highly Condemns The Police Assault Against Carolyn Sung, CFWIJ (Apr. 20, 2021), https://www.womeninjournalism.org/threats-all/us-cfwij-highly-condemns-the-police-assault-against-carolyn-sung [https://perma.cc/6R6E-KEF5].
Letter from Leita Walker, Partner, Ballard Spahr, to Tim Walz, Governor of Minn. (Apr. 17, 2021), https://cpj.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Letter-to-Minnesota-governor.pdf [https://perma.cc/6U3F-CXD5].
United States: CFWIJ Highly Condemns The Police Assault Against Carolyn Sung, CFWIJ (Apr. 20, 2021), https://www.womeninjournalism.org/threats-all/us-cfwij-highly-condemns-the-police-assault-against-carolyn-sung [https://perma.cc/6R6E-KEF5].
Id.
Sarah Bahr, Beyond Peril: How the Times Responds When a Journalist’s Safety Is Compromised, N.Y. Times (May 26, 2021), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/26/insider/journalists-safety-response.html [https://perma.cc/AD52-8T8D].
Id.
Kellen Browning, Minnesota Governor Calls Alleged Assaults on Journalists ‘Chilling,’ N.Y. Times (Apr. 18, 2021), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/18/business/minnesota-journalists-assault-protests.html [https://perma.cc/M869-VRK4]; Photojournalist Hit by Officers with Batons During Brooklyn Center Protest, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/photojournalist-hit-by-officers-with-batons-during-brooklyn-center-protest/ [https://perma.cc/9DTN-MXNM] (last visted May 26, 2023).
Sarah Bahr, Beyond Peril: How the Times Responds When a Journalist’s Safety Is Compromised, N.Y. Times (May 26, 2021), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/26/insider/journalists-safety-response.html [https://perma.cc/AD52-8T8D]; Photojournalist Hit by Officers with Batons During Brooklyn Center Protest, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/photojournalist-hit-by-officers-with-batons-during-brooklyn-center-protest/ [https://perma.cc/9DTN-MXNM] (last visted May 26, 2023).
Angelique Jackson et al., Reporting While Black: The Complexity of Covering Racial Inequality as a Black Journalist, Variety (June 3, 2020 6:15 AM), https://variety.com/2020/tv/features/black-journalists-racial-inequality-protests-george-floyd-1234623820/ [https://perma.cc/KN54-2SHH]; Katti Gray, The Racial Divide on News Coverage, and Why Representation Matters, Knight Found. (Sept. 25, 2020), https://knightfoundation.org/articles/the-racial-divide-on-news-coverage-and-why-representation-matters/ [https://perma.cc/833M-ZDU9].
Letter from Leita Walker, Partner, Ballard Spahr, to Tim Walz, Governor of Minn. (Apr. 17, 2021), https://cpj.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Letter-to-Minnesota-governor.pdf [https://perma.cc/6U3F-CXD5]; Status Coup News, Minnesota Cops DETAINING Press, Snapping Their Pictures to Store in App, YouTube (Apr. 17, 2021), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIRzKemQIc8&ab_channel=StatusCoupNews [https://perma.cc/M7DY-PFNG].
Status Coup News, Minnesota Cops DETAINING Press, Snapping Their Pictures to Store in App, YouTube (Apr. 17, 2021), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIRzKemQIc8&ab_channel=StatusCoupNews [https://perma.cc/M7DY-PFNG].
Letter from Leita Walker, Partner, Ballard Spahr, to Tim Walz, Governor of Minn. (Apr. 17, 2021), https://cpj.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Letter-to-Minnesota-governor.pdf [https://perma.cc/6U3F-CXD5].
Interview with Ed Ou, Photojournalist, Reportage by Getty Images (Aug. 25, 2022).
Id.
Id.
Class Action Complaint and Demand for a Jury Trial at 25, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW/DTS) (D. Minn. June 2, 2020) (No. 1), https://www.aclu-mn.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/2020_06_02_dkt_1_complaint_0.pdf [https://perma.cc/83LA-3RD9].
Brian Hauss & Teresa Nelson, Police Are Attacking Journalists at Protests. We’re Suing., ACLU (June 3, 2020), https://www.aclu.org/news/free-speech/police-are-attacking-journalists-at-protests-were-suing [https://perma.cc/4Y3B-5C58].
Interview with Isabella Salomão Nascimento, Associate, Ballard Spahr (Aug. 26, 2022).
Mncogi v. City of Minneapolis et al., ACLU (June 3, 2021) https://www.aclu-mn.org/en/cases/mncogi-v-city-minneapolis-et-al [https://perma.cc/H7H5-L75C].
Class Action Complaint and Demand for a Jury Trial at 25, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW/DTS) (D. Minn. June 2, 2020) (No. 1), https://www.aclu-mn.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/2020_06_02_dkt_1_complaint_0.pdf [https://perma.cc/83LA-3RD9].
Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs & Azi Paybarah, Protesters Clash with Police After Minnesota Officer Shoots Black Man, N.Y. Times (Nov. 30, 2021), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/11/us/brooklyn-center-minnesota-police-shooting.html [https://perma.cc/EM4D-Y8ZB]; Ord. Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Temp. Restraining Ord. at 2-3, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW/DTS) (D. Minn. Apr. 16, 2021) (No. 105), https://www.aclu-mn.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/goyette_tro_granted_1.pdf [https://perma.cc/LMJ6-7GW3].
Ord. Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Temp. Restraining Ord. at 19-20, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW/DTS) (D. Minn. Apr. 16, 2021) (No. 105), https://www.aclu-mn.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/goyette_tro_granted_1.pdf [https://perma.cc/LMJ6-7GW3]; The Honorable Wilhelmina M. Wright: Communication, U.S. Dist. Ct.: Dist. Minn., https://www.mnd.uscourts.gov/WMW [https://perma.cc/7H44-VTPG] (last visited Apr. 12, 2023).
Transcript of Motions Hearing at 1, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW-DTS) (D. Minn. July 28, 2021).
Id. at 20, 25-55.
Id.at 101-04.
Id. at 58, 221-25, 228-29.
Id.at 297-99.
NBC News, Minnesota Governor Holds News Conference on George Floyd Protests - May 31 | NBC News, YouTube (June 1, 2020), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DK-Ua2TlCHw&t=1240s [https://perma.cc/GV9W-HV89].
Ord. Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Preliminary Injunction at 29, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW-DTS) (D. Minn. Oct. 28, 2021).
Id. at 15.
Press Release, ACLU, ACLU-MN Wins $825,000 Settlement, Reforms to End Minnesota State Patrol Attacks on Journalists (Feb. 8, 2022) (https://www.aclu-mn.org/en/press-releases/goyettesettlement [https://perma.cc/C2G7-2QTX]).
Ord. Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for Monitored Injunction at 6-9, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW-DTS) (D. Minn. Feb. 8, 2022) (No. 316), https://www.aclu-mn.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/goyette_agreement_d._minn._20-cv-01302_dckt_000316_000_filed_2022-02-08.pdf [https://perma.cc/8YWC-2WJW].
Id.at 8-9.
Press Release, ACLU, ACLU-MN Wins $825,000 Settlement, Reforms to End Minnesota State Patrol Attacks on Journalists (Feb. 8, 2022) (https://www.aclu-mn.org/en/press-releases/goyettesettlement [https://perma.cc/C2G7-2QTX]); Mediated Settlement Agreement, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW-DTS) (D. Minn. Jan. 10, 2022), https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/co/Documents/goyette-fully-executed-settlement-agreement-state-defendants.pdf [https://perma.cc/BD6H-B63R].
Interview with Isabella Salomão Nascimento, Associate, Ballard Spahr (Aug. 26, 2022).
Interview with Carolyn Cole, Staff Photographer, L.A. Times (Nov. 8, 2022).
Id.
Interview with Ed Ou, Photojournalist, Reportage by Getty Images (Aug. 25, 2022).
Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022).
A body-worn camera recorded the following exchange among police officers (on file with author):
Fuck these media.”
These media ain’t going anywhere.”
[mockingly] “Hold on a second, let me, let me check your credentials, make a few phone calls just to verify who the fuck …”
They think they can do whatever they want.”
"There’s a fucking curfew.”
They’re everywhere. They’ll fucking [inaudible] trip you …”
Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022).
Id.
Jim Beckerman, Journalists Seem Unwelcome at Protests Now, But It Wasn’t Always So, North Jersey (May 2, 2021, 9:38 AM), https://www.northjersey.com/story/opinion/2021/04/30/protest-attendees-dont-like-reporters-why-beckerman/7325512002/ [https://perma.cc/RFR8-99ZD]. Lois Beckett, ‘Open Season on Media’: Journalists Increasingly Targeted at Los Angeles Protests, The Guardian (Sept. 1, 2021, 6:00 AM), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/01/los-angeles-protest-journalists-attacked-violence [https://perma.cc/CD29-DGJX].
British Reporter Struck with Crowd-Control Munitions Amid Minneapolis Protest, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/british-reporter-struck-with-crowd-control-munitions-amid-minneapolis-protest/ [https://perma.cc/KK23-67AX] (last visited May 26, 2023).
Interview with Gabe Rottman, Dir., Reps. Comm.’s Tech. & Press Freedom Project (Aug. 18, 2022).
City News Serv., Gov. Newsom Signs Bill to Ensure Press Freedom in California, Spectrum News 1, (Oct. 10, 2021, 10:40 AM), https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/politics/2021/10/10/gov--newsom-signs-bill-to-ensure-press-freedom-in-california [https://perma.cc/CCA7-96V9].
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Interview with Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club (July 21, 2022); Erik Pedersen, Remembering Hilly Rose, Longtime Los Angeles Radio Host, Dead at 91, O.C. Reg. (Jan. 2, 2018, 2:24 PM), https://www.ocregister.com/2018/01/02/remembering-hilly-rose-longtime-los-angeles-radio-host-dead-at-91/ [https://perma.cc/3FGC-XJTU].
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Interview with Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club (July 21, 2022); Jessica P. Ogilvie, KPCC Reporter Josie Huang’s Account of Her Arrest by LA County Sheriff’s Deputies, LAist (Sept. 13, 2020, 2:30 PM), https://laist.com/news/arrest-of-laist-reporter-josie-huang-in-her-own-words [https://perma.cc/K44J-SWD6].
Frank Stoltze, LA County Sheriff’s Deputies Remain Hospitalized After ‘Ambush’ Shooting, LAist (Sept. 13, 2020, 8:24 AM), https://laist.com/news/la-county-sheriffs-deputies-remain-hospitalized-after-ambush-shooting [https://perma.cc/6EBH-HBRC].
Id.; L.A. Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, Press Conference: Sheriff Villanueva Discusses Ambush Shooting of Two Deputies in Compton, Facebook (Sept. 13, 2020), https://www.facebook.com/LosAngelesCountySheriffsDepartment/videos/714009679330400/?v=714009679330400&extid=8GB9prYwA0nMZ2WZ [https://perma.cc/7WC4-64VB]; Compton, CA to St Francis Medical Ctr, 3630 E Imperial Hwy, Lynwood, CA 90262, United States, Google Maps, https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Compton,+CA/St.+Francis+Medical+Center,+3630+East+Imperial+Highway,+Lynwood,+CA/@33.9134486,-118.2299672,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x80c2cb6b7f1d5b4d:0x56bce9a915bcb42!2m2!1d-118.2200712!2d33.8958492!1m5!1m1!1s0x80c2cc75d2fdf601:0x9ce9feb4461fc332!2m2!1d-118.2033698!2d33.9303318 [https://perma.cc/99H7-U5JM] (last visited Mar. 26, 2023).
Matthew S. Schwartz, KPCC Journalist Tackled, Arrested While Trying To Cover L.A. Protest, NPR (Sept. 13, 2020, 3:44 PM), https://www.npr.org/2020/09/13/912479498/kpcc-journalist-tackled-arrested-while-trying-to-cover-l-a-protest [https://perma.cc/7W8U-GETN].
Jessica P. Ogilvie, KPCC Reporter Josie Huang’s Account of Her Arrest by LA County Sheriff’s Deputies, LAist (Sept. 13, 2020, 2:30 PM), https://laist.com/news/arrest-of-laist-reporter-josie-huang-in-her-own-words [https://perma.cc/K44J-SWD6].
Id.
Journalist Josie Huang Arrested, Charged with Obstructing Police in Los Angeles, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/journalist-josie-huang-arrested-charged-obstructing-police-los-angeles/ [https://perma.cc/7LZT-R4ZT] (last visited Mar. 26, 2023).
Matthew S. Schwartz, KPCC Journalist Tackled, Arrested While Trying To Cover L.A. Protest, NPR (Sept. 13, 2020, 3:44 PM), https://www.npr.org/2020/09/13/912479498/kpcc-journalist-tackled-arrested-while-trying-to-cover-l-a-protest [https://perma.cc/7W8U-GETN].
Stefanie Dazio, ‘That’s on Her’: Sheriff Stands by Arrest of Reporter and Criticizes Sports Figures, Civic Leaders, NBC L.A. (Sept. 15, 2020, 7:25 PM), https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/los-angeles-county-sheriff-reporter-arrest-deputy-shooting/2428282/ [https://perma.cc/UZ57-5PEW].
Id.; Brittany Martin, Inspector General Says the Sheriff’s Department May Have Made False Claims About a Reporter’s Arrest, L.A. Mag. (Sept. 17, 2020), https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/josie-huang-arrest-lasd-villanueva/ [https://perma.cc/7LZT-R4ZT].
Id.
Ben Jealous, Sheriff Villanueva Is a Danger to the People He Is Sworn to Serve, People for the Am. Way (Sept. 29, 2022), https://www.pfaw.org/blog-posts/sheriff-villanueva-is-a-danger-to-the-people-he-is-sworn-to-serve/ [https://perma.cc/64YM-J8CP]; Sam Levin, ‘The Sheriff Who Went Rogue’: Alex Villanueva’s Scandal-Plagued Tenure Ends in LA, The Guardian (Nov. 16, 2022, 7:00 AM), https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/nov/16/alex-villanueva-la-county-sheriff-loses-robert-luna [https://perma.cc/E6WT-9BRF].
Aaron Mendelson, Debunking Sheriff Villanueva’s False or Misleading Claims About the Arrest of KPCC/LAist’s Josie Huang, LAist (Sept. 16, 2020, 12:13 PM), https://laist.com/news/debunking-sheriff-villanueva-false-misleading-claims-arrest-kpcc-laist-josie-huang [https://perma.cc/G6XZ-PCHD].
Id.; Letter from Bruce D. Brown, Exec. Dir., Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press, to Sheriff Alex Villanueva, L.A. Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, & Lt. John Satterfield, L.A. Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t (Sept. 16, 2020) (https://www.rcfp.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/RCFP-LA-County-Sheriff-Letter-Latest-as-of-9-18-20.pdf [https://perma.cc/2JB6-MYXM]).
Adam Rose, LinkedIn, https://www.linkedin.com/in/adjoro [https://perma.cc/93AP-5J5Z] (last visited Mar. 26, 2023); Interview with Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club (July 21, 2022).
Interview with Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club (July 21, 2022); Press-Police Interaction Tracking Doc For California (Adam Rose’s spreadsheet), (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1fvDDwyAfL8rMGyU8sYIAJ5ZKntSwnPpFzcXh8tQfMU4/edit#gid=0 [https://perma.cc/7S3T-M9AK]).
Press-Police Interaction Tracking Doc For California (Adam Rose’s spreadsheet), (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1fvDDwyAfL8rMGyU8sYIAJ5ZKntSwnPpFzcXh8tQfMU4/edit#gid=0 [https://perma.cc/7S3T-M9AK]); Interview with Cerise Castle, Journalist (July 27, 2022); Reporter for NPR Affiliate Struck by Rubber Bullet During LA Protests, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/reporter-for-npr-affiliate-struck-by-rubber-bullet-during-la-protests/ [https://perma.cc/MGF7-XMMD] (last visited Mar. 9, 2023); Cerise Castle, https://cerisecastle.me/ [https://perma.cc/U4LC-2HCB] (last visited Mar. 9, 2023); Mike Kessler, KPCC/LAist Reporters Tear-Gassed, Shot with Rubber Bullet, LAist (May 31, 2020, 9:00 PM), https://laist.com/news/reporters-injured-protests-police [https://perma.cc/EYK8-YUL8]; A Look Inside KCRW’s New Santa Monica Office, Officelovin, https://www.officelovin.com/2019/07/inside-kcrws-modern-new-santa-monica-office/ [https://perma.cc/84UH-YTK2] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).
Interview with Cerise Castle, Journalist (July 27, 2022).
Id.; Beverly/Fairfax, Google Maps, https://www.google.com/maps/place/Beverly+%2F+Fairfax/@34.0761966,-118.6325229,10z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x4e21c64ec7c3b267!8m2!3d34.0761966!4d-118.3611263 [https://perma.cc/25SW-JJGP] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023); Reporter for NPR Affiliate Struck by Rubber Bullet During LA Protests, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/reporter-for-npr-affiliate-struck-by-rubber-bullet-during-la-protests/ [https://perma.cc/Z9Q5-YVKG] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).
Interview with Cerise Castle, Journalist (July 27, 2022); Reporter for NPR Affiliate Struck by Rubber Bullet During LA Protests, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/reporter-for-npr-affiliate-struck-by-rubber-bullet-during-la-protests/ [https://perma.cc/Z9Q5-YVKG] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).
Interview with Cerise Castle, Journalist (July 27, 2022).
Id.
Press-Police Interaction Tracking Doc For California (Adam Rose’s spreadsheet), (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1fvDDwyAfL8rMGyU8sYIAJ5ZKntSwnPpFzcXh8tQfMU4/edit#gid=0 [https://perma.cc/7S3T-M9AK]); Rubber Bullet Hits LA Times Photojournalist’s Camera and Arm, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/rubber-bullet-hits-la-times-photojournalists-camera-and-arm/ [https://perma.cc/VQ57-EUG6] (last visited Apr. 3, 2023).
Press-Police Interaction Tracking Doc For California (Adam Rose’s spreadsheet), (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1fvDDwyAfL8rMGyU8sYIAJ5ZKntSwnPpFzcXh8tQfMU4/edit#gid=0 [https://perma.cc/7S3T-M9AK]).
Journalist Detained During Downtown Los Angeles Protest, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker (May 31, 2020), https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/journalist-detained-during-downtown-los-angeles-protest/ [https://perma.cc/29FL-LC2E].
See supra Chapter 1; Aaron M. Cantú’s Motion to Dismiss the Indictment at 10, District of Columbia v. Cantú, No. 2017 CF2 001304 (D.C. Super. Ct. Jan. 19, 2018), https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/4356287/1-19-18-Aaron-Cantu-Motion-to-Dismiss.pdf [https://perma.cc/RGZ5-YJN8]; Complaint for Damages at 3, Cantú v. District of Columbia, No. 20-cv-00130-ABJ (D.D.C. Jan. 16, 2020) (No. 1), https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16715665/1/cantu-v-district-of-columbia/ [https://perma.cc/W3TE-G9DW].
Journalist Detained During Downtown Los Angeles Protest, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker (May 31, 2020), https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/journalist-detained-during-downtown-los-angeles-protest/ [https://perma.cc/29FL-LC2E]; E-mail from Aaron Cantú, Author, Cap. & Main, to Joel Simon, Senior Research Fellow, Knight First Amendment Institute (Dec. 7, 2022) (on file with author).
Interview with Aaron Miguel Cantú, Investigative Rep., Capital & Main, The Guardian & The Intercept (July 22, 2022).
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[Note from Joel Simon: Recording cannot be referenced directly – Citation?]
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